Ever wonder how many times supercontinents have formed throughout Earth's history? Because Pangea is not the only one! There have been several supercontinents through time, beginning over 3 billion years ago, all the way until Pangea, the most recent supercontinent which began breaking up around 200 million years ago. Each time supercontinents have formed in Earth's history, this has greatly affected Earth's geology, but also its chemistry (in the ocean and atmosphere) and biology by way of affecting atmospheric and ocean chemistry (aka: global climate). In this video, we go through all the supercontinents that have formed throughout Earth's history, and how these supercontinents have affected life, for example times when supercontinents caused mass extinctions and other times when they have caused biodiversification events! Hope you enjoy! :)

0:00 What is a supercontinent?
0:39 How supercontinents form
2:05 Controversial supercontinents
5:40 Supercontinents through time
9:06 How supercontinents affect life & climate
9:45 5 notable examples
10:43 #1 Snowball Earth & First Animals
13:34 #2 Ordovician Mass Extinction
14:56 #3 Permian Mass Extinction
19:02 #4 Triassic Mass Extinction
19:49 #5 Dino & Mammal Diversification
21:59 When will the next supercontinent form?

References:
Supercontinent cycle: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00...
Previous video over Snowball Earth:    • Did Snowball Earth Force Animal Evolu...   (and references therein)
Previous video over Ordovician Mass Extinction:    • Ordovician Mass Extinction- Causes & ...   (and references therein)
Previous video over End Permian Extinction (Great Dying):    • Cause & Impact of Largest Mass Extinc...   (and references therein)
Previous video over Triassic Mass Extinction:    • Late Triassic Mass Extinction Causes ...   (and references therein)
Previous video over mammal survival over dinos during KPg event and subsequent diversification:    • How Mammals Survived the Asteroid Imp...   (and references therein)
Farnsworth et al., 2023 (future supercontinent & extinction): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-023-01...
Supercontinents through time article: https://www.earth.com/earthpedia-arti...
Steven Baumann's video on When Plate Tectonics Began (pt 1):    • Geo Files: When did Plate Tectonics B...  
Steven Baumann's video on When Plate Tectonics Began (pt 2):    • Geo Files When did Plate Tectonics Be...  
Stern, 2020- Tectonic regime evolution: https://doi.org/10.1130/GSATG480A.1

GEO GIRL Website: https://www.geogirlscience.com/ (visit my website to see all my courses, shop merch, learn more about me, & donate to support the channel if you'd like!)

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Oxygen by D. Canfield: https://amzn.to/3gffbCL
Brief history of Earth by A. Knoll: https://amzn.to/3w3hC1I
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