In Python, data types define the kind of value a variable can hold, such as integers (int), floating-point numbers (float), text (str), booleans (bool), and collections like lists (list) and dictionaries (dict). Operators are symbols used to perform operations on variables. They include arithmetic operators like + (addition) and - (subtraction), comparison operators like == (equals) and != (not equals), and logical operators like and, or, and not for combining conditions. Together, data types and operators are essential for performing calculations and manipulating data in Python.