Skeleton and Joint | One Shot Video

Bone Histology:
Bone is a rigid, calcified tissue that makes up the human skeleton. It is composed of cells, collagen fibers, and mineralized extracellular matrix. The primary cells in bone tissue include:

Osteoblasts: Cells responsible for bone formation.

Osteocytes: Mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix.

Osteoclasts: Cells involved in bone resorption (breakdown).

The extracellular matrix is rich in calcium phosphate crystals, providing bone with its hardness. Bone tissue can be categorized into:

Compact Bone (Cortical Bone): Dense and forms the outer layer of bones.
Spongy Bone (Cancellous Bone): Less dense, found in the interior of bones, with a lattice-like structure.

Cartilage Histology:
Cartilage is a flexible, semi-rigid connective tissue that provides cushioning and support in joints. It consists of chondrocytes (cartilage cells) embedded in a matrix rich in collagen fibers and proteoglycans. There are three main types of cartilage:

Hyaline Cartilage: Most common, found in joints, the nose, and respiratory passages.

Elastic Cartilage: More flexible, found in the ear and epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage: Strongest type, found in intervertebral discs and the menisci of the knee.
Cartilage lacks blood vessels (avascular), so nutrients are supplied by diffusion from surrounding tissues.

Human Endoskeleton:
The human endoskeleton is an internal framework composed of bones and cartilage. It provides structural support, protection for vital organs, and facilitates movement through the attachment of muscles. The human skeleton is divided into two parts:

Axial Skeleton: Includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It supports the central axis of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton: Comprises the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic girdles), allowing for movement and interaction with the environment.

Joints:
Joints (articulations) are the points where two or more bones meet. They allow for movement and flexibility. Joints can be classified based on their structure and function:

Fibrous Joints: Immovable, connected by dense connective tissue (e.g., sutures in the skull).

Cartilaginous Joints: Slightly movable, connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs).

Synovial Joints: Freely movable, characterized by a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid (e.g., knee, elbow). There are several types of synovial joints, including hinge, ball-and-socket, and pivot joints.
These components of the human skeletal system work together to support the body, protect organs, and enable movement.

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