In late December 1941, following the failure of MacArthur's gamble to hold the Japanese invaders at the beaches, the fate of the Philippines seemed sealed. As the Japanese successfully stormed the shores of Lingayen Gulf and Lamon Bay, splitting Luzon, the largest island in the Philippines, in half, MacArthur had no other alternative but to order his troops to withdraw to the Bataan peninsula, where he planned to make a last stand and at the same time he decided to abandon all efforts to defend Manila declared it an open city, to save the capital from destruction and to minimise civilian casualties.

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Japanese Invasion of the Philippines 1941 - Part 4:    • Prelude to Bataan: Japanese Invasion ...  
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