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When Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait in the summer of 1990, he didn't anticipate a massive international backslash and unanimous Security Council response. Soon a broad military Coalition under leadership of the United States assembled and kicked the Iraqi Army out of Kuwait. In the aftermath several Iraqi groups rose up against Saddam but the Coalition didn't support a regime change.

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CHAPTERS:
00:00 Intro
00:29 Saddam Hussein Victorious (but Broke)
03:49 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
06:02 The Coalition Against Iraq Forms
08:37 Operation Desert Shield
10:55 Operation Desert Storm
20:26 Iraqi Highway of Death
21:39 Iraqi Uprisings


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» SOURCES
Westermeyer, Paul W., U.S Marines in the Gulf War, 1990-1991: Liberating Kuwait, (Quantico, VA: History Division United States Marine Corps, 2014)
Abdul-Moati, Youssef, A diary of an Iraqi soldier: analysis and commentary, (Almansoria: Center for Research and Studies on Kuwait, 1992)
Polk, William R., Understanding Iraq: The Whole Sweep of Iraqi History from Genghis Khan's Mongols to the Ottoman Turks to the British Mandate to the American Occupation. (New York: Harper Perennial, 2005)
Al-Ebrahim, Hassan, “The Gulf Crisis: A Kuwaiti Perspective: An Interview with Hassan Al-Ebraheem", Journal of Palestine Studies, 20:2, (1991)
Denny, Dustin, “Mission Command at the Battle of 73 Easting”, The NCO Journal, (2022)
McMaster, H.R., “Eagle Troop at the Battle of 73 Easting; Lesson’s for Today’s Small Unit Leaders”, The Strategy Bridge. (2016)
Press, Daryl, “Lessons from Ground Combat in the Gulf: The Impact of Training and Technology”, International Security, 22:2, (1997)
Karsh, Efraim, The Gulf Conflict 1990-1991, (London: Faber and Farber, 1993)
Clarke, Jeffrey, War in the Persian Gulf: Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm August 1990–March 1991, (Washington D.C., United States Army Center of Military History ,2010)
Scales, Robert, Certain Victory: The US Army in the Gulf War, (Washington D.C., U.S. Army Command and Staff College Press, 1993)
Chardell, Daniel, “The Origins of the Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait Reconsidered”, Texas National Security Review, 6:3, (2023)
“Saddam Hussein and Political Officials Discussing How to Deal with the Republican Guard and Other Issues following the First Gulf War”, Wilson Center Digital Archive, (1991)
“1991 State Command and Council Meeting Discussing the Russian Peace Proposal and Communications between Saddam and Gorbachev”, Washington D.C., Conflict Records Research Center, (1991)
“Saddam Hussein Meeting with Advisors Regarding the American Ground Attack During First Gulf War, Garnering Arab and Iraqi Support, and a Letter to Gorbachev”, Washington D.C., Conflict Records Research Center, (1991)
PBS Frontline. “Oral History: Colin Powell” (https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontl...)



»CREDITS
Presented by: Jesse Alexander
Written by: Jesse Alexander, Florian Wittig, Mark Newton
Director: Toni Steller
Editing: Toni Steller
Motion Design: Toni Steller
Mixing, Mastering & Sound Design: http://above-zero.com
Research by: Michael Adato, Florian Wittig, Mark Newton
Fact checking: Florian Wittig, Mark Newton
Executive Producer: Florian Wittig

Channel Design: Simon Buckmaster

Contains licensed material by getty images, AP and Reuters
Maps: MapTiler/OpenStreetMap Contributors & GEOlayers3
Music Library: Epidemic Sound

All photos and film in our documentaries are authentic historical footage. We do not use generative AI to create new assets. However, we may use AI tools to upscale or clean up certain assets without distorting or compromising the original image.

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