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Stable Angina: Causes, Pathophysiology, Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment ( Internal medicine )

Stable angina is a form of chest discomfort or pain that occurs predictably with activities like exertion or emotional stress and is generally relieved by rest or medications such as nitroglycerin. The underlying pathophysiology predominantly involves myocardial ischemia, a condition where the oxygen supply to the heart muscle is insufficient to meet its demand. This is most often due to atherosclerotic narrowing and hardening of the coronary arteries, which impedes blood flow. Stable angina is distinguishable from unstable angina and myocardial infarction by its predictable pattern and alleviation with rest or nitroglycerin. It serves as an important warning signal, indicating that the heart is working harder and requires more oxygen than its blood supply can provide, making it a significant symptom in conditions like coronary artery disease. Evaluation often involves diagnostic tests such as electrocardiograms (ECG), exercise stress tests, and imaging studies like coronary angiography. Management strategies typically include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological interventions like anti-anginal medications and antiplatelet agents, and in severe cases, revascularization procedures such as angioplasty and stent placement or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Understanding the characteristics and management of stable angina is crucial for medical practitioners, as it not only affects the quality of life but can also be a precursor to more severe cardiac events if not properly managed.

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