Intake and output nursing calculation practice problems for CNAs, LPNs, and RNs. Learn how to calculate the intake and output (I and O) record.

What is intake? It is the amount of fluids taken IN the body. This can be via the mouth, a tube, or IV. The calculation is recorded in milliliters (mL).

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Oral liquids include (fluids consumed that are liquid at room temperature): juice, water, ice chips (melts to half its volume), drinks (coffee, soft drinks, tea etc.), milk, gelatin (Jell-O), broths, ice cream, frozen treats: popsicles, sorbet, nutrition supplements like Ensure or Boost: NOT pudding, custard, yogurt etc.

Miscellaneous: Tube feedings (includes free water), IV and central line fluids (TPN, lipids, blood products, medication infusion), IV and central line flushes, irrigants (example: irrigating a catheter....calculate the amount of irrigate delivered and subtract it from the total urine output...which will equal the urine output).

What is output? It’s the amount that leaves the body. The calculation is also recorded in milliliters (mL).

This includes: urine output (most of output calculation will be this), emesis, liquid stool (ostomy or diarrhea) wound draining (blood), suction (gastric, respiratory).

It is important to keep in mind of the patient losing fluids via the respiratory system and skin. This is known as insensible loss. It is NOT included in the calculation because this can’t be measured

According the Mosby’s Medical Dictionary it is estimated to be 600 mL/day. This amount varies depending on patient’s activity level, temperature etc. So you want to take that in account when assessing the patients I and O's.

Remember that if the intake is LESS than the output there is a risk of dehydration. On the other hand, if the intake is MORE than the output there is a risk of fluid volume overload.

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