How did multicellular life evolve? We don’t know! However, fungi are helping us develop ideas about the emergence of complex life. Today we are joined by Dr. William Ratcliff, who has successfully induced naturally unicellular yeast to evolve into multicellular ‘snowflake yeasts’ in his lab at Georgia Tech. Prepare for a delightful interview featuring evolutionary history, biotechnology, semantics, philosophy, and life itself.

Topics covered:

- The difference between multicellular life and single cellular life
- What is an organism?
- Evolutionary trends and novelties in multicellular life
- Catalyzing multicellular life in vitro
- Why yeast— specifically saccharomyces cerevisiae — are so widely used in genomics research and biotechnology
- The Ratcliff Lab’s development of multicellular yeasts dubbed ‘snowflake yeast’
- Mechanistic basics of multicellular yeasts, particularly entanglement
- Prototaxites and its characteristics of entanglements
- Cellular differentiation and cellular suicide in evolving snowflake yeasts
- Reversing multicellular evolution
- Cyanobacteria, Bangiomorpha pubescens and other early forms of multicellular life
- Ways that multicellularity can be expressed
- Myxococcus xanthus
- Acellular slime molds
- How to grow snowflake yeast at home!

Show notes:

The Ratcliff Lab: https://ratclifflab.biosci.gatech.edu/
Grow your own multicellular yeast: http://www.snowflakeyeastlab.com/the%...
The Biophysics if nascent multicellularity:    • Will Ratcliff | The Biophysics of Nas...  
William Ratcliff’s Publications: https://scholar.google.com/citations?...