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Welcome to Jaes company's YouTube channel, the benchmark for industrial spare parts. Today, we take you on a journey through desalination, a fascinating topic for many industries and many countries!

You may know that water covers 71% of our planet's surface. However, only 2.5% is fresh water and now the plot twist: less than 1% of all this water is drinkable and accessible.
Imagine being in an arid region where fresh water is a rare and precious resource. In such a place, thinking of the immense expanse that is the sea, you might ask: "What if we could make salt water drinkable?"
The solution exists and it is called desalination. This process allows salt to be removed from seawater, turning it into drinkable water, ready to be used.

An industrial desalination plants can be an imposing and complex plant, but there are also much smaller facilities, used on an industrial level, that employ different technologies to separate salt from water.
The two main techniques for making salt water fresh are distillation and reverse osmosis.

In the various types of distillation processes, heat is given to the salt water to make it evaporate, that is, to change it from the liquid to the gaseous state. In evaporation, only the water molecules evaporate, while the salts remain dissolved in the water in the liquid state.
The water vapour obtained is then, through condensation, brought back to the liquid state, thus obtaining distilled water, that is 100% pure water.
This is an effective, but highly energy-intensive method (heating water to accelerate its evaporation is no easy feat, given its specific heat capacity). Therefore, it can be very expensive to create all the thermal energy required.
Therefore, in some situations it may be considered impractical compared to the reverse osmosis desalination technique.

The reverse osmosis technique, also known as hyperfiltration, is the most widely used technique worldwide.
Here is how the system works:
Sea water initially passes through three membranes in a pre-treatment phase.
The first, a microfiltration membrane with pores smaller than 10 micrometres, retains the sand.
The second, an ultrafiltration membrane, blocks bacteria.
The third, a nanofiltration membrane, prevents the passage of sulphates.
At this point, the water is clean, but it is still salty! Now the most important filtration takes place, the one that separates the salt from the water.
The water is pressurised between 55 and 70 bar, and pushed towards a special semipermeable membrane with pores of about 0.1 nanometres.
It is composed of several layers, the most important of which is aromatic polyamide, which plays the real role of separation.
This membrane operates in cross-flow, that is, the liquid to be filtered flows parallel to the surface of the filter and only part of the liquid passes through it, while the rest continues to flow, carrying away the retained salts. This method helps to keep the filter cleaner and improve filtration efficiency.
This produces a very pure water commonly called osmosis water to which mineral salts are added to make it perfect for human consumption, or to be used in the food industry, irrigation, pharmaceutical industry and many other processes.

Reverse osmosis desalination reverses the natural process of osmosis. In normal osmosis, water passes through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high concentration to balance the concentrations. In reverse osmosis, high pressure is applied to the salt water, pushing the water through the membrane and leaving the salts behind. This forcing pure water in the opposite direction leads to desalination, hence the name 'reverse osmosis'.

Of course, as we have learned from all our previous videos, everything that brings an advantage has a cost and a disadvantage. Especially if it works against the nature of things. Let us see what the issues are.

First, the cost of membranes is high, and they deteriorate over time due to high pressures. However, technology is constantly advancing, offering better and better components. In this context, JAES can supply the filters and membranes needed to ensure an efficient and constant supply of desalination plants, being able, with its decades of experience in industrial supplies, to identify the best available alternative.