Challenges for the New Nation

India became independent in August 1947 immediately after independence, there were three challenges
in nation building

The first and the immediate challenge was to shape nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity existing in the society and eradication of poverty and unemployment.
The second challenge was to establish democracy.
The third challenge was to ensure the development and well-being of the entire society and not only of some sections

Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation

On 14th to 15th August, 1947, two nation-states India and Pakistan came into existence. Lakhs of people from both sides lost their homes, lives and properties and became victim of communal violence.
On the basis of Muslim majority belt West and East Pakistan was created which were separated by a long expanse of Indian Territory.
Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan also known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ was the undisputed leader of the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP). Despite his opposition NWFP was merged with Pakistan.
The portion of Punjab and Bengal caused the deepest trauma of partition.

Consequences of Partition

Integration of Princely States

Government’s Approach

Instrument of Accession

Reorganisation of States

1. The first speech of the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the hour of midnight on 14-15 August 1947 was known as famous “tryst with destiny” speech while addressing a special session of the Constituent Assembly.

2. Immediately after independence, there were many challenges in independent India that needed a solution i.e. a challenge to shape a nation as a united country, to develop democratic practices and to ensure development and well-being by evolving effective policies for economic development and eradication of poverty and

3. On partition of India, two nation theory was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create
a separate state for Muslims, resulted in Partition as India and Pakistan giving birth to many difficulties like problem of east and west, merging of NWFP, problems with provinces of Punjab and Bengal and the principle of religious majorities.

4. The partition of 1947 was most abrupt and unplanned which created and spread communal riots dividing country into various community zones, social sufferings to shelter in refugee camps, killing of women and separation of family members, except, it divided financial assets, employees and created conflicts between Hindus and Muslims.

Two Nations Theory: It was propounded by Muhammad Ali Jinnah to create a separate state for Muslims

British Indian Provinces: The Indian provinces which were directly under the British government before independence.

Princely States: States ruled by Princes who enjoyed some form of control over their states internal affairs under the British supremacy.

Razakars: A para-military force of Nizam was sent to respond people’s movement which had no bounds.

Nizam: Ruler of Hyderabad was titled as Nizam who was world’s richest person.

State Reorganisation Commission: It was appointed in 1953 to look into the matter to redraw the boundaries of states.

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