How do molecules move in and out of cells? (Passage of molecules into and out of cells)

Molecules like nutrients and waste products move in and out of cells through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport.

Diffusion is the net movement of ions or molecules from a region where they are higher in
concentration to a region where they are lower in concentration, that is, down a concentration
gradient. Diffusion has been discussed in great detail in our video titled ‘What is Diffusion?’

Osmosis is a special type of diffusion that allows the movement of ions or molecules from a
region where they are higher in concentration to a region where they are lower in concentration
through a partially permeable membrane.

The partially permeable membrane here is the cell surface membrane. The cellulose cell wall is permeable in nature and allows most substances to pass through itself.

Sometimes living cells can absorb certain substances even though these substances are of higher concentration inside the cell than they are outside of the environment. That is, against the concentration gradient.

This process is called active transport and is possible by using energy. Whenever a molecule is absorbed against the concentration gradient, a molecule of energy in the form of ATP or adenosine triphosphate is utilized.

Active transport is involved in several processes occurring within an organism. This
includes the absorption of dissolved mineral salts by root hair. It is also used in
glucose and amino acid uptake by the cells in the human small intestine.

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Timestamp:

00:00 Cellular transport
00:33 What is Osmosis?
00:58 Osmosis in daily life
01:19 Active transport
01:47 Active transport in living organisms