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Egyptian kingdoms fall into one of three categories during the Bronze Age: the Old Kingdom from 2700 to 2200 BC, the Middle Kingdom from 2040 to 1782 BC, and the New Kingdom from 1570 to 1544 BC. Each of these periods marks significant eras in the development and expansion of ancient Egyptian civilization.

The Old Kingdom, often referred to as the "Age of the Pyramids," is renowned for the construction of the Great Pyramids of Giza. This period saw the establishment of a centralized state, characterized by strong pharaonic rule and significant advancements in architecture, most notably the step pyramid of Djoser and the great pyramids built for pharaohs like Khufu, Khafre, and Menkaure.

The Middle Kingdom is considered a classical age of Egyptian culture and literature, marked by political stability, economic prosperity, and the reunification of Egypt under strong leadership after a period of fragmentation. Notable pharaohs like Mentuhotep II and Senusret III centralized power and expanded Egypt’s influence through trade and military expeditions. This period also witnessed advances in arts, literature, and monumental construction, with significant projects including the extensive irrigation works that boosted agriculture.

The New Kingdom, spanning from 1570 to 1544 BC, represents the zenith of Egyptian power and cultural achievements. This era saw Egypt's greatest territorial expansion, stretching from Syria to Sudan, facilitated by the use of advanced bronze weaponry and strategic military campaigns. The New Kingdom is also famous for its remarkable technological progress in various fields, including architecture, irrigation, shipbuilding, and hieroglyphic writing, which solidified Egypt's position as a regional superpower.

This period is the most popular era in Egyptian history today, largely due to the well-documented reigns of its pharaohs. The 18th Dynasty boasts some of the best-known pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, one of Egypt's few female rulers who established extensive trade networks; Thutmose III, a military genius; Amenhotep III, known for his diplomatic and architectural achievements; and Akhenaten and his wife Nefertiti, who are famous for their religious reforms and artistic contributions. Tutankhamun, although his reign was short-lived, is perhaps the most famous pharaoh due to the discovery of his nearly intact tomb in the 20th century.
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The 19th Dynasty includes notable rulers like Seti I and his son Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, who is remembered for his military exploits, extensive building programs, and the signing of the first known peace treaty. Merenptah, another significant figure, is known for his military campaigns against the Libyans and Sea Peoples.

The 20th Dynasty saw pharaohs like Ramesses III, who defended Egypt against invasions and maintained its prosperity. His reign marks the last period of Egypt's greatness before the onset of decline.

Overall, these three distinct periods of the Bronze Age highlight the evolution of Egyptian civilization, its remarkable achievements, and its enduring legacy in world history.