Previous historical evidence of how the Hyksos or "rulers of foreign lands" seized power and formed the 15th dynasty of the pharaohs of Ancient Egypt (around 1640-1530 BC) is highly doubtful. The ancient Egyptian historian and priest Manetho was for centuries the only narrator of their rise, rule and fall. However, Manetho himself lived more than a thousand years after the Hyksos dynasty.
He described the founders of the 15th dynasty as leaders of an invading army that invaded from the northeast and captured the northeastern Nile delta during the Second Transitional Period in the 17th-16th centuries BC. e.
However, the stories of Manetho themselves survived only in the writings of later historians such as Josephus, and, despite their bias and unreliability, these were the only known sources about the Hyksos over the centuries. Even after the deciphering of the hieroglyphs, the sources describing the life of the Hyksos remained scarce and unreliable, mainly due to ancient censorship and propaganda. Where the Hyksos were associated with unrest, chaos, and ritual violence to maintain order and the legitimacy of power. The Hyksos rule continued to be condemned by New Kingdom pharaohs such as Hatshepsut, for example.
During the excavations in the ancient capital of the Hyksos, Avaris, especially in recent years, it became possible to investigate the circumstances under which the Hyksos came to power.
Recent decades of research have yielded evidence clearly pointing to the Middle Eastern origins of the ruling class known as the Hyksos. This is indicated by the non-Egyptian features of ceramics, funeral rites, jewelry, weapons, and even internal and religious architecture. Although it was not a foreign elite who came directly from foreign lands, as Manetho recounted, but people of non-Egyptian origin who were born and raised in the Nile Delta.
#history #science #Egypt #archeology #research
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Source: Stantis C, Kharobi A, Maaranen N, Nowell GM, Bietak M, Prell S, et al. (2020) Who were the Hyksos? Challenging traditional narratives using strontium isotope (87Sr / 86Sr) analysis of human remains from ancient Egypt. PLoS ONE 15 (7): e0235414. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone....
Genetics Supplement:
Schuenemann, V., Peltzer, A., Welte, B. et al. Ancient Egyptian mummy genomes suggest an increase of Sub-Saharan African ancestry in post-Roman periods. Nat Commun 8, 15694 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15694

Supporting materials:
flickr.com Heidi Kontkanen Chariot of Tutankhamun
Myousry6666: commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Homeland.webm
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