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When Francesco Sforza, the Duke of Milan dies, the duchy reverts to Charles V. Francis I objects and occupies Savoy. Charles invades France, and the French besiege Genoa. All battles are inconclusive and both parties agree to a truce.
Francis sends Antoine de Rincon, his ambassador to renew the Franco-Ottoman alliance, but Rincon gets murdered. War starts again and the French attack Spain and Luxemburg. Both attack stall. Meanwhile in the south Hayreddin Barbarossa is sailing to assist the French at the Siege of Nice.
In 1544 the imperialists are soundly defeated at the Battle of Ceresole, but the French cannot exploit this. Henry VIII allies with the Emperor and both monarchs attack France with 40.000 soldiers each. Charles is distracted by the Schmalkaldic War, so he soon abandons the campaign.
The French and the English fight the inconclusive Battle of the Solent, and soon make piece. In 1551 the war starts again with France, the Protestants and the Ottomans fighting on the same team. Philip II defeats the French, and as Charles prepares to split up his empire, Henry II is inclined towards peace.
But war starts up again thanks to the pope. After the French are defeated at the Battle of Gravellines, the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis is signed, ending the Italian Wars.

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https://amzn.to/3fl8Feq
Potter, D (2008). Renaissance France at War
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https://amzn.to/3fMLY1D
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https://amzn.to/3fNZe6b

#ItalianWars #ItalianWarsEnd #CateauCambresis

0:00 1536 - 1538
2:35 1542 - 1546
8:47 1551 - 1559
12:23 Cateau-Cambresis