The Industrial Revolution, a transformative period in the late 18th and 19th centuries, marked a shift from manual craftsmanship to machine-driven mass production. It introduced inventions like the steam engine and spinning jenny, revolutionizing manufacturing and transportation. Factories emerged, changing rural societies into bustling urban centers. While it brought technological advancements and accessible goods, it also presented challenges, including poor working conditions and child labor. Social movements and labor reforms aimed to address these issues. The Industrial Revolution reshaped economies and societies worldwide, laying the foundation for the modern world we live in today.