For the final part of our series on Mongol Heavy Cavalry, we deal with a foe who consistently proved able to defeat Mongol armies; the Mamluks of Egypt. We look in detail at the great battle of 'Ayn Jalut (1260), the roles of Sultan Qutuz and Baybars, and the Mamluk-Mongol conflict over the next decades, up to the battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar in 1299.

Part 1: Overview on Equipment    • Mongol Heavy Cavalry Part 1: Weapons ...  
Part 2: Mongols vs Jin Dynasty    • Mongol Heavy Cavalry Part 2: Mongols ...  
Part 3: Mongols vs Khwarezm, Delhi and Qipchaqs:    • Mongol Heavy Cavalry Part 3: Khwarezm...  
Part 4: Mongols vs Knights:    • Mongol Heavy Cavalry Part 4: Knights ...  

Video I wrote for Kings and Generals about Mamluk defenses against the Mongols:    • How the Mamluks Defended Against the ...  
My video on the Berke-Hulegu war:    • The Berke-Hülagü War: Nogai #4  

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Select Bibliography

‘Ala-ad-Din ‘Ata-Malik Juvaini. The History of the World-Conqueror. Vol 1.

Campaigns of Činggis Qan [Shengwu Qinzheng Lu 聖武親征錄]. Translated by Christopher
Atwood. Forthcoming

“History of Jin 金史.” Chinese Notes.

The Hypatian Codex II: Galician-Volynian Chronicle. Trans. George A. Perfecky

Ibn ‘Abd al-Ẓāhir. “Al-Rauḍ al-Ẓāhir fī Sīrat al-Malik al-Ẓāhir.” In “A Critical Edition of an
Unknown Arabic Source for the life of al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Baibars, with introduction, translation, and notes.” Volume II. Translated by Abdul Aziz al-Khowayter. (1960).

Ibn al-Athir. The Chronicle of Ibn al-Athir for the Crusading Period from al-Kamil fi'l-Ta'rikh,
Part 3, The Year 589-629/1193-1231: The Ayyubids after Saladin and the Mongol Menace. Translated by D.S. Richards

Ibn Battuta. The Travels of Ibn Battuta, A.D. 1325-1354. Volume II. Translated by H.A.R. Gibb.

John de Plano Carpini. “History of the Mongols.” In Mission to Asia: Translated by a Nun of Stanbrook Abbey. Edited by Christopher Dawson,

Li Xinchuan. “Selections from Random Notes from Court and Country since the Jianyan Years." Trans. Christopher Atwood

Marco Polo. The Description of the World. Translated by Sharon Kinoshita.

Master Roger. Master Roger’s Epistle to the Sorrowful Lament upon the Destruction of the
Kingdom of Hungary by the Tatars. Translated by Janos M. Bak and Martyn Rady.

Matthew Paris. Matthew Paris’s English History. Vol. 1. From the year 1235 to 1273. Translated by J.A. Giles.

Peng Daya and Xu Ting. “A Sketch of the Black Tatars.” Trans. Christopher Atwood.

Rashiduddin Fazlullah. Jami’ u’t-tawarikh: Compendium of Chronicles: Trans. W.M. Thackston.

Rashīd al-Dīn. The Successors of Genghis Khan. Translated by John Andrew Boyle.

The Secret History of the Mongols. Trans. Igor de Rachewiltz.

Simon of St. Quentin. Simon of Saint-Quentin: History of the Tartars. Translated and edited by Stephen Pow, Tamás Kiss, Anna Romsics, Flora Ghazaryan.

Thomas of Split. History of the Bishops of Salona and Split. Translated by Damir Karbić,
Mirjana Matijević Sokol, and James Ross Sweeney

William of Rubruck. The Mission of Friar William of Rubruck: His Journey to the Court of the Great Khan Möngke, 1253-1255. Translated by Peter Jackson

Zhao Gong. “A Memorandum on the Mong-Tatars.” Trans. Christopher Atwood.

MUSIC ATTRIBUTES:

“Throat singing- Tuvan Chylandyk style,” Giovanni Bortoluzzi / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

“Overtone Singing- Tuvan Sygyt,” Giovanni Bortoluzzi / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

“Dimash-Kudaibergen- Adai-küy,” Unknown author / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

“Undertone singing,” Cassa342 / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

The other music is provided by Epidemic Sound. http://www.epidemicsound.com

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