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Introduction to States of Matter :

Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. Everything around us, from the air we breathe to the objects we interact with, is made of matter. Matter exists in different physical forms, known as states of matter. The three primary states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas

1. Solid
Characteristics: In a solid, particles are tightly packed together in a fixed structure. They have a definite shape and volume.
Example: Ice, wood, and metal.
Movement: Particles in a solid vibrate but do not move freely.
2. Liquid
Characteristics: Liquids have a definite volume but take the shape of the container they are in. The particles are still close together but can move past each other, allowing liquids to flow.
Example: Water, oil, and juice.
Movement: Particles in a liquid move more freely compared to solids, but they remain in close contact.
3. Gas
Characteristics: Gases do not have a fixed shape or volume. They expand to fill the entire space available. The particles are spread far apart and move rapidly.
Example: Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and air.
Movement: Gas particles move quickly and freely in all directions.

Changes in States of Matter
Matter can change from one state to another when energy (usually heat) is added or removed. For example:

Melting: Solid → Liquid
Freezing: Liquid → Solid
Evaporation: Liquid → Gas
Condensation: Gas → Liquid
Sublimation: Solid → Gas directly (e.g., dry ice).

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